Migrasi ke energy alternatif

Krisis energi global dan pemanasan global yang terjadi menyebabkan pemerintah Indonesia dan dunia mulai melakukan penghematan terhadap sumber daya energi tak terbarukan (minyak bumi, gas alam, dan batubara), dan penghematan energi listrik yang sebagian pembangkitnya memakai bahan bakar minyak dalam memproduksi energi listriknya. Selain cadangan energi konvensional dengan bahan sumber energi fosil di Indonesia yang sudah semakin menipis, tingginya harga minyak dunia menyebabkan pasokan listrik dari PLN menjadi berkurang. Dampaknya adalah kelangkaan energi BBM dan naiknya harga kebutuhan konsumsi, serta makin rendahnya akses masyarakat terhadap energi. Kelangkaan energi listrik ini mengakibatkan adanya kebijakan pemadaman bergilir, serta perubahan jadwal kerja industri yang menuai banyak kontroversi. Padahal pemadaman listrik di Jakarta akibat pemadaman kawasan Jakarta berpotensi menimbulkan kerugian sebesar Rp. 1 triliun dan 500 industri besar terganggu (Kompas, 13 Oktober 2009).
Industri pertambakan dan perikanan air payau juga mengalami kerugian. Kerugian ini dapat ditinjau dari 2 sisi dimana jika pertambakan tersebut menggunakan energi listrik untuk memompa air maka pemadaman listrik akan menjadi ancaman. Namun jika proses dalam pertambakan menggunakan diesel dalam memompa air yang menggunakan solar, maka kelangkaan bahan bakar minyak menjadi momok yang menakutkan.

Embryology

THE TERM Embryology, in its widest sense, is applied to the various changes which take place during the growth of an animal from the egg to the adult condition: it is, however, usually restricted to the phenomena which occur before birth. Embryology may be studied from two aspects: (1) that of ontogeny, which deals only with the development of the individual; and (2) that of phylogeny, which concerns itself with the evolutionary history of the animal kingdom. 1
In vertebrate animals the development of a new being can only take place when a female germ cell or ovum has been fertilized by a male germ cell or spermatozoön. The ovum is a nucleated cell, and all the complicated changes by which the various tissues and organs of the body are formed from it, after it has been fertilized, are the result of two general processes, viz., segmentation and differentiation of cells. Thus, the fertilized ovum undergoes repeated segmentation into a number of cells which at first closely resemble one another, but are, sooner or later, differentiated into two groups: (1) somatic cells, the function of which is to build up the various tissues of the body; and (2) germinal cells, which become imbedded in the sexual glands—the ovaries in the female and the testes in the male—and are destined for the perpetuation of the species. 2
Having regard to the main purpose of this work, it is impossible, in the space available in this section, to describe fully, or illustrate adequately, all the phenomena which occur in the different stages of the development of the human body. Only the principal facts are given, and the student is referred for further details to one or other of the text-books 1 on human embryology

3 Most Favorites Sample Book

Just for this Blog I had to share many sample book. Actualy sample books For Biophysics.

1. This Book Is introduction to Molecular organism for viewing in Biophysics studies, all of us know how to studied biology. But this book is expert to explained about molecular studies for biology and physics.
   
2. Are You Famous?? Now we can exist for social networking. However some this time we must connected internet, and one off most popular dirrect chat room in My contry is Yahoo Messenger this book actually sample. And just including in Indonesians Leanguage.
3. After lesson in our class sometime we build Blog and Forum. so Just check this sample

This posting is starting from Lab BLog Team. rusli so Just check that samples

Thanks

Deep Vein thrombosis (2)

to continuing our atricle before
Proportion of DVT cases with clot at each location. Note that all clots in this series involve either the popliteal vein, femoral vein, or both. From Lansing AW, Hirsh J, Buller H, Diagnosis of Venous Thrombosis. In Colman RW, Marder VJ, Clowes AW, George JN (ed) Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles. 3rd ed. Philadelphia. Lippincott, 2001, pp. 1305.

Of the femoral triangle, just inferior to the inguinal canal. At this level, the CFV is distinct from the GSV,which separates to take a more superficial andmedial course as it moves distally. The common femoral artery (CFA) at this level has not yet bifurcated.Here the CFV has bifurcated into the superficial femoral vein (SFV) and deep femoral vein (not visualized at this level). The CFA has now bifurcated into the super- ficial femoral artery (SFA) and deep femoral artery (DFA).

In general, the PV is superficial to the PA. There is occasional anatomic variability so that the artery is more anterior to the vein. This can be distinguished by using adjunctive methods such as spectral and color Doppler and compression. Technique Probe Selection For the evaluation of DVT, a high-frequency linear array probe is best. In larger patients or in patients with lower extremity edema, lower-frequency probes allow for better penetration of the sound beams; however, the image can usually be obtained with the high-frequency linear probe (5–10 MHz).


Views
At least two views are necessary:
1. Common femoral vein demonstrating compression of vessel – this usually
involves visualizing both the common femoral and greater saphenous
veins as seen in Figure 8.4. Some authors have argued that it is prudent
to compress both the common femoral and greater saphenous veins
and then to slide distal to the femoral triangle to compress the superficial
femoral vein as well, but this is not universally accepted.
2. Popliteal vein demonstrating compression of vessel
The simplified compression technique is performed by using the highfrequency
linear probe and identifying the common femoral and popliteal
veins. In Figures , probe positioning for femoral vein and popliteal
vein visualization is demonstrated. The probe marker should be directed
toward the patient’s right side.
If the veins are collapsible to a thin line with external pressure applied (Figure
8.9), the vein is presumed to be patent and there is no clot present. If the
vein does not collapse with external pressure, there is presumed to be clot
within the lumen of the vessel preventing complete collapse.
There are a few structures that can be mistaken for a noncompressible vessel
and that are worth mentioning. Lymph nodes can look like clot within a
hypoechoic vessel because they have a ring of hypoechoic fluid surrounding
the node. However, they are easy to distinguish because if the probe is turned

longitudinally, it will become obvious that the object is circular and not tubular.
Baker’s cysts can cause the same phenomenon in the popliteal fossa but
again dynamic scanning in longitudinal and transverse planes should remove
any doubt. Pseudoaneurysms and groin hematomas can also be misleading,
and caution should be exercised in clinical situations where these diagnoses
are being considered. This is where color Doppler can often be helpful

Scanning Tips

1. Proper patient positioning can greatly improve image quality.Have the patient externally rotate his or her leg to better visualize thecommon femoral vein.
2. For the popliteal vein, have the patient hang his or her leg over the edge of the bed to distend the vessels, or perform the scan with the patient in a prone position.
3. Be sure the veins fully compress. A normal vein will completely disappear when compressed enough; if the walls do not touch, consider DVT.
4. Make sure you are applying pressure evenly. The probe should be perpendicular to the skin. If pressure is being applied at an angle, the vessel may appear not to collapse because of unevenly distributed pressure.

Deep Vein Thrombosis (scanning tutor)

Introduction

Although not one of the original six American College of Emergency Physicians indicated exams, evaluation for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is one of the most useful exams for critical care physicians. There are approximately 250,000 new diagnoses of DVT per year and 50,000 deaths from thromboembolic disease annually (1,2). The estimated rate of propagation from DVT to pulmonary embolism ranges from 10% to 50% (1,2). Because the incidence of DVT is so high and because this disease is so prevalent in critical and acute care settings, the ability to rule in or rule out DVT at the bedside is a particularly powerful tool. The simplified compression technique described in this chapter evaluates for DVT at two anatomic sites of the lower extremity venous system. This protocol has been evaluated in multiple randomized controlled studies and has become a well-accepted protocol used for decision making in conjunction with clinical pre-test probability assessments (3–12)

Focused Questions for DVT Ultrasound
The questions for DVT ultrasound are as follows:

1. Does the common femoral vein fully compress?
2. Does the popliteal vein fully compress?

Anatomy
The anatomy of the lower extremity should be reviewed so the DVT compression ultrasound exam can be done properly. The ileac vein becomes the common femoral vein (CFV) as it leaves the pelvis. The most proximal tributary of the CFV is the greater saphenous vein (GSV) (Figure A). The common femoral then splits into the superficial and deep femoral in the proximal thigh – both of these vessels are part of the deep venous system despite their names. At the knee, the superficial femoral becomes the popliteal vein running in the posterior fossa of the knee joint and is joined by its tributaries, the tibial vein and peroneal vein . It is not surprising that clots, as shown by venography studies, seem to cluster at the branch points of the venous system. One common explanation is that the increased turbulent flow at these branch points produces increased wear and tear on the vessel walls, thus making these areas predisposed to clot formation. Data from these venography studies support the use of the simplified compression
technique because identification of clot in the popliteal vein or CFVshould identify any DVTs dentified by venography ; there were no cases in these initial studies where a DVT did not involve the popliteal vein, CFV, or both.



Proximal venous system. Courtesy of Dr. Manual Colon, Hospital of the University of Puerto
Rico, Carolina, Puerto Rico.

ANTHROPOLOGY

A term derived from the Greek to describe a specific science of humankind; its early usage was confused because there were several different views in the nineteenth century of how the contents of that science ought to be defined. In the twentieth century the term was most commonly used as a tacit abbreviation of the phrase ‘‘cultural anthropology’’, describing the comparative study of tribal societies. That discipline had been more usually labeled *ethnology in the nineteenth century, and the present article focusesmore narrowly on what twentieth-century parlance describes as ‘‘physical anthropology’’:

The study of the various biological species belonging to the genus Homo. All but one of those species are now extinct, the remainder being known by courtesy of discoveries in *palaeontology, but those alleged to be ancestral to Homo sapiens are of intense interest in the context of the theory of *evolution and its opposition by the doctrine of *creationism.Eighteenth-century descriptions of the great apes were still rather sketchy, the ‘‘ourang-outan/primate from kalimantan (BORNEO)’’

Remaining mysterious and the gorilla virtually unknown. But a new description of the former published in Petrus Camper’s ‘‘Account of the Organs of Speech in the Orang Outang’’ (1779) greatly interested James Burnet, Lord Monboddo, who was in the process of producing an account ‘‘Of the Origin and Progress of Language’’ (1779–1799); Monboddo’s reflections on the question of whether or not the ‘‘orang utan’’ should be classified as human were satirically reflected by Thomas Love Peacock in Melincourt; or, Sir Orang Haut-Ton (1817). Orang-utans and other great apes were, however, rudely expelled from the register of human types by early anthropologists—a move obliquely echoed by Edgar Allan Poe’s account of the perpetrator of '‘The Murders in the Rue Morgue’’ (1841).

Physical Modeling of Lipid Membranes

For preparing next semester Biofisika blog and team launch many modules for student of college especially for jember university of student (Jurusan Fisika/ Prodi Biofisika) . including teaching department, agriculture, pharmachy, biology and many department or faculty that need this module>>

Mathematical models of deformable, fluid membranes have been available for many years and have been successfully compared with experimental results, both on artificial and biological membranes. At the most fundamental level these theories rely on the single basic principle underlying statistical mechanics:

that the probability of observing a given membrane deformation depends on the
energy change involved in making this deformation The higher the energy,
the less likely the deformation.
Statistical mechanics tells us that the probability pi of an event i is related to its energy Fi according to:

pi ~ exp [– Fi /kBTm ]

This probability compares the deformation energy Fi to some energy source in the system. This energy is written F to remind us that it is a free energy and therefore includes changes in entropy, as well as internal and chemical energies Reactions that reduce the entropy of the system are disfavored in the same way as are those that involve a spontaneous increase in the energy by, for example, disruptingchemical bonds. Strictly speaking, that equation only holds for (sub)systems that are at equilibrium but this can often be a reasonable approximation, for example for small patches of membrane that can move and relax quickly, even though it may be inappropriate for the cell as a whole. In passive systems, the only energy source comes from the thermal fluctuations of energy kBT, where kB is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperatureBiological systems are called “active”, because chemical energy, coming from, for example, ATP hydrolysis, can be harnessed by specific enzymes (molecular motors) to perform mechanical work. The cell membrane is generally the site of many active processes, including cytoskeleton polymerization and ion pumping. One may adopt the approach that these active processes provide an effective “membrane” temperature Tm > T and it is this that appears in Equation above.